How to Translate Modal Verbs into French

Modal verbs, also called modal auxiliaries or simply modals, are unconjugated English verbs which express the mood of a verb, such as ability, possibility, condition, and necessity. With the exception of ought, modals are followed directly by the verb they modify (without to in between). There are ten common English modal verbs: cancouldmaymightmustought toshallshouldwillwould French does not have modal verbs, which can make it difficult to translate them. The French equivalents of modal verbs may be a conjugable verb (e.g., pouvoir), a particular verb tense or mood, or even an adverb. Can  Ã‚  Ã‚  pouvoir, savoir (in the present tense)   Ã‚  Ã‚  I can help you.Je peux vous aider.We can see it.Nous pouvons le voir.Can you swim?Sais-tu nager ? Could (in the present)  Ã‚  Ã‚  pouvoir (in the conditional)   Ã‚  Ã‚  I could dance all night.Je pourrais danser pendant toute la nuit.Could you help me?Pourriez-vous maider ? Could (in the past)  Ã‚  Ã‚  pouvoir (in the imperfect)   Ã‚  Ã‚  He could eat a lot of candy when he was three.Il pouvait manger beaucoup de bonbons quand il avait trois ans.Last year, I could sleep until noon every day.Lannà ©e dernià ¨re, je pouvais dormir jusquà   midi tous les jours. May/might  Ã‚  peut-à ªtre, pouvoir (in the conditional), se pouvoir (in the present)   Ã‚  Ã‚  She may/might arrive at noon.Elle arrivera peut-à ªtre à   midi, Elle pourrait arriver à   midi, Il se peut quelle arrive à   midi. Must  Ã‚  devoir (present tense)   Ã‚  Ã‚  I must leave.Je dois partir.You must help me.Vous devez maider. Shall/will  Ã‚  Ã‚  French future tense   Ã‚  Ã‚  I shall/will help you.Je vous aiderai.He will arrive at noon.Il arrivera à   midi. Should/ought to  Ã‚  devoir (in the conditional)   Ã‚  Ã‚  I should/ought to leave soon.Je devrais partir bientà ´t.You should/ought to help me.Vous devriez maider. would (in the present)  Ã‚  Ã‚  French conditional mood   Ã‚  Ã‚  We would like to leave.Nous voudrions partir.I would help you if I were ready.Je vous aiderais si jà ©tais prà ªt. would (in the past)  Ã‚  Ã‚  French imperfect tense   Ã‚  Ã‚  He would always read when he was alone.Il lisait toujours quand il à ©tait seul.Last year, I would sleep until noon every day.Lannà ©e dernià ¨re, je dormais jusquà   midi tous les jours.English modals may be followed by have plus a  past participle  to express perfect (completed) actions. Translating this construction usually requires a French verb in a perfect tense/mood followed by an infinitive. could have  Ã‚  Ã‚  pouvoir  (in the  conditional perfect)   Ã‚  Ã‚  I could have helped you.Jaurais  pu  vous  aider.We could have eaten.Nous  aurions  pu  manger. may/might have  Ã‚  Ã‚  peut-à ªtre,  se pouvoir  (plus  past subjunctive)   Ã‚  Ã‚  I may/might have done it.Je lai peut-à ªtre fait, Il se peut que je laie fait. must have  Ã‚  Ã‚  devoir  (in the  passà © composà ©)   Ã‚  You must have seen it.Vous  avez  dà » le  voir.He must have eaten.Il a dà » manger. Shall/will have  Ã‚  Ã‚  French future perfect   Ã‚  I shall/will have eaten.Jaurai mangà ©.He will have arrived by noon.Il sera arrivà ©Ã‚  avant  midi. Should have  Ã‚  devoir  (in the conditional perfect)   Ã‚  Ã‚  You should have helped.Vous  auriez  dà » aider.We should have eaten.Nous  aurions  dà » manger. Would have  Ã‚  Ã‚  French conditional perfect   Ã‚  Ã‚  I would have helped you.Je  vous  aurais  aidà ©.He would have eaten it.Il  laurait  mangà ©.

T.S. Eliots use of Poetic techniques in The Lovesong of...

T.S Eliot, widely considered to be one of the fathers of modern poetry, has written many great poems. Among the most well known of these are â€Å"The Waste Land, and â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†, which share similar messages, but are also quite different. In both poems, Eliot uses various poetic techniques to convey themes of repression, alienation, and a general breakdown in western society. Some of the best techniques to examine are ones such as theme, structure, imagery and language, which all figure prominently in his poetry. These techniques in particular are used by Eliot to both enhance and support the purpose of his poems. The theme of Prufrock is the negative, individuality repressing effect that society has on its people.†¦show more content†¦In contrast, the theme of The Waste Land is applied to the whole of society, rather than just to a single person or situation. For different reasons, this is also quite effective, the jumbled, unstructured nature of the poem only adding to the sense of cultural breakdown that pervades throughout the whole poem. The second discrepancy is that Prufrock does not really state a position, it neither gives hope nor prophecies doom. The Waste Land, on the other hand, whilst portraying the world as desolate and meaningless, offers hope of redemption through returning to more traditional values and beliefs. The general layout and physical structure of Eliot’s poems is much more meaningful and complex than one would originally assume. In Prufrock, the structure is comparatively regular. The stanzas all conform to a general size and shape. In The Waste Land, there is no regularity, the poem is very fragmented and has several different speakers. Although these are very different, they do work in quite a similar way to support the theme. In Prufrock, the regularity is a metaphor for the way that the persona is restricted, forced into society’s mould and has no room to express individuality. In The Waste Land, the irregular form relates back to the â€Å"†¦heap of broken images†¦Ã¢â‚¬  that is western society. It mirrors the incompleteness and emptiness of our civilisation according to Eliot. The form of Prufrock follows his stream of consciousness, it is a dramatic monologue and therefore very

Blank Slate Theory free essay sample

The term blank slate theory refers to when a child is born the thoughts are formed first through exposure to different sensations followed by reflection on the experience. Such as gathering small information like colors and shapes and turning that into larger pictures like cause and effect. Accentually it state that children are shaped by gathering their own information by what they have gathered. Culture imprinted upon children in many ways. One for example is development; there are important times they learn about love, and basic rules about how to socialize with other human beings. If these traits arent imprinted upon the child during that period, it can be hard or even impossible for them to learn them later in life. The cultural lifestyle of the parents or other close relatives also can be imprinted. This has been shown in racism, throughout the years. I believe gender learned by children’s parents teaching them. We will write a custom essay sample on Blank Slate Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Yes sex is determined before birth, but babies don’t know the difference. Parents give their children certain toys depending on their gender. My daughter’s room is a sea of pink with dolls and other things for little girls. Even though right now at the age of 6 months she doesn’t know the difference from a car and a doll but soon she will. Same with the â€Å"boys bathroom† and the â€Å"girls bathroom† it’s a part of society we have all been taught. The perspective (functionalist, conflict, or interaction) that can be used to explain socialization I believe would be interaction. Even though I believe it is a mixture of all of the above, if I had to choose one to explain it would be interaction. I base this upon everything we learn growing up is based upon symbols or face to face interaction. It has a big effect in socialization because us as human beings learn how to react to certain situations based on what we have gathered from previous face to face interactions.

Latin American Independence Movements

Between 1791 and 1804, a revolution against French colonialist led to a brutal attack of colony of Saint Domingue currently known as Haiti.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Latin American Independence Movements-Haitian Revolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This was a respond to slavery the people of Haiti were exposed to by the French colonialist. In 1825 France illegally extorted an â€Å"independent debt† from Haiti that amounts to 21 billion dollars in today’s dollars. In effect Haiti was forced to pay for its freedom, hence Haiti’s underdevelopment and poverty. Over a century after global slave trade abolishment, Haitians were still paying for their ancestor’s freedom.[1] In August 2010, academic authors, human right activists signed on to an open letter to French President Nicolas Sarcozy arguing that the case was morally, economically and legally unacceptable. However, Franc e dismissed the case and pointed to its record of delivering other aid to Haiti, and demanded that Haiti should instead be thankful of the aid granted by France. Moreocer, Haiti was placed among the list of those countries not to be favored and visited, a move that many French and Haitians have greatly protested. In respect to human rights, which French top lawyers have admitted that slavery was against human rights, and considering the kind of dehumanization Haitians were exposed to by French colonialists, Haitians case is legitimate.[2] The first reason is that Haitians were not obligated to pay for their independence. An independence debt forcefully extorted by France on Haiti is an absolute disregard for human dignity and freedom. This burden of debt is claimed to have let Haiti down the slope of underdevelopment and poverty. However, the dehumanization this island faced during slavery and after when they were forced to pay 150 billion independence debts has a far reaching effec t and has rendered generations of Haiti miserably poor.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example in order to make its first payment, Haiti closed all its public schools in what was duped ‘hemispheres first case of structural adjustment’ which denied the Haitians education and as a result it is the poorest country in the western hemisphere. Majority people from Haiti suffered grief dehumanization and require its colonies to take responsibility for their action. With all much regard, history has shown that before Haiti gained its independence, there was persistent blood struggle against French brutal rule. Considering that the compensation that Haiti was forced to give French plantation slave owners was unwarranted, French ought to pay Haiti the 21 billion dollars in restitution. History proves that first; it was French colonialists who benefited from the land. The French exploited the wealth of Haiti, for example in 1970 a third of France’s foreign trade revenue came from coffee, sugar and cotton exported from Haiti. This statistic alone proves there was a mass exploitation of Haitian natural resource by French colonialists and this deserves to be compensated. Secondly, the French betrayed a truce they agreed with L’Overture not to reinstate slavery; they arrested and tortured him to death in French prisons. In addition, history records that, in 1970 a half of all slaves in Caribbean came from Haiti and this echoes the fact that majority of slaves came from Haiti. â€Å"The debt owed to France colonialists was ten times Haiti’s total revenue by 1825 and was to be paid at the expense of education, health care and infrastructure†.[3] As if this was not enough, the independence loan compensation was prescribed to be paid through a loan from a designated French bank. This debt was not only immoral but utterly illegal. Two occ asions violated the international law: the reintroduction of slavery after it was banned by three treaties that French had signed and the threat underlying the debt agreement. In conclusion it has to be understood that a compensation for Haiti republic is not world’s charity, but its overdue justice. Bibliography Geggus, Patrick. Slavery, War and Revolution: The British Occupation of Saint Domingue, 1793-1798. London: Clarendon Press, 1982.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Latin American Independence Movements-Haitian Revolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Phillips, Antony and Brian Concannon. Economic Justice in Haiti Requires Debt Restitution: IRC Americas Program. Silver City, NM: International Relations Center, 2006. Footnotes Antony Phillips and Brian Concannon, Economic Justice in Haiti Requires Debt Restitution: IRC Americas Program (Silver City, NM: International Relations Center, 2006), 1. I bid,2. Patrick Geggus, Slavery, War and Revolution: The British Occupation of Saint Domingue, 1793-1798, (London: Clarendon Press, 1982), 1 This essay on Latin American Independence Movements-Haitian Revolution was written and submitted by user Karson Peters to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.